ANNALS OF CÆLIN

AD 581-642

581	Aedan invades Ynys Manann and kills Baetan mac Cairell; Fiachna mac Deman rules Dál Fiatach. Baetan Caech of the Dál nAraide dies and Aed Dubh usurps the throne.
582	Aedan invades the Orcades and kills Galam, and the sea route to the eastern Pictish settlements is re-opened.
583	Aed mac Ainmire becomes King in Ulster. He calls a conference at Druim Cett and offers Dál Riada relative autonomy in return for taxes and fealty.
584	Brude is killed at the battle of Asreth, in Circinn, fighting the rebellious Miathi. Gartnait (g’son of Drust V) now rules Pictland and allies himself with Dál Riada.
584	Aedan begins a 13-year war against the rebellious Miathi in southern Pictland. Edwin, son of Ælle, is born in Deira.
585	Frithuwald dies in wars against the Britons. His cousin, Hussa, rules Bernicia.
588	King Ælle of Deira dies and is succeeded by his brother Æthelric. There is severe snow in Ireland. Fiachna Lurgan kills Aed Dubh and claims the throne of Dál nAraide.
587	Æthelfrith marries Bebba d.o. Canu the Pict. Eanfrith is born later in the year.
589	Urien overruns Din Guardi (Bebbanburg), and traps Hussa at the siege of Ynys Metcaut (Lindisfarne).
590	Coveting Rheged’s crown, Morcant Bulc has Urien treacherously murdered. The coalition of Britons collapses and Hussa breaks out. Owein rules Rheged.
590	The Miathi of Manau rebel and occupy Guidi. Aedan counterattacks and defeats them at the battle of the River Teith (Leithri) in Manau.
591	With Urien’s death, open warfare breaks out amongst the Britons and their kingdoms come under threat from Bernicia.
592	Æthelfrith overthrows Hussa and takes the crown of Bernicia; Hussa’s son, Hering, flees to Dál Riada with many Bernician exiles. Urien’s brother, Arawn, dies and Riderch absorbs Salway into Strathclyde.
594	Solar eclipse (July 23)
595	Dunod, Morcant Bulc and Gwallog of Elmet invade Rheged and are defeated by Owein, Pasgan and Elfin.Owein, Morcant Bulc and Gwallog are killed. Æthelfrith seizes the moment and annexes the Pennines and Dunod is killed.
595	On Owein’s death, Rhun takes the throne of a very weakened Rheged. Ceretic map Gwallog rules Elmet. Columba dies on Iona; soon after, Eogan mac Gabhran dies.
596	Gartnait of the Picts dies. The openly Christian Nechtan II takes the throne in Pictland, but the Miathi reject him as their king.
	The Miathi rebel in Gowrie again, but are crushed by Aedan at the battle of Circinn – however, Artur and Eochaid Find are killed.
	Rhun and Elpin of Rheged counter-attack into Bryneich. They trap and kill Morcant Bulc at Gedfrin. Morcant’s warriors flee north to Gododdin.
597	With the Britons now desperate, Mynyddog of Gododdin gathers the remnants of the Britons to challenge Æthelfrith. He is joined by a contingent of warriors from Dál Riada under Domangart and Bran.
598	Mynyddog’s army crosses the Teviot, but is decimated by Æthelfrith at the battle of Catraeth. Mynyddog, Domangart and Bran are killed and the Britons are vanquished. Cynan survives to rule a weakened Gododdin. Cadwalla is born in Gwynedd. Aed mac Ainmere is slain at Dun Bolg; his son Mael Cobha rules in Tir Conal.
600	Æthelfrith is now free to raid northwards and begins to threaten Salway.
601	Fiachna Lurgan of Dál nAraide defeated the forces of Fiachna mac Deman of Dál Fiatach at Cúl Caíl. Fiachna Lurgan becomes High King of the Ulaid.
603	Bebba dies. Æthelfrith invades Salway, but is met by Aedan and the Bernician exiles at the battle of Degsastan (near the River Liddel). Both forces suffer severe losses and a truce is declared. The Angles retire.
603	Both forces suffer severe losses. Aedan and Æthelfrith declare a truce and the Angles retire south again. Rhun of Rheged dies and his son, Royth, rules.
604	With the Britons routed and Dál Riada damaged, Æthelfrith invades Deira and unites the two kingdoms. Æthelric is killed with his brother Ælfric. His nephew and heir to the throne, Edwin, flees to Gwynedd to seek refuge with King Iago.
604	Æthelfrith marries Edwin’s sister, Acha, and claims the throne for himself. Later that year, Oswald is born. Rhun of Galloway dies and his son Tudwal rules. Colman Rimid is slain by Lochan Dilmana; Aed mac Domnall takes the throne in Tir Eogan.
606	King Aedan abdicates and retires to the monastery at Kilkerrin. His oldest surviving son, Eocho Bude, rules Dál Riada.
608	Aedan dies at the monastery of Kilkerrin in Kintyre.
612	Riderch of Strathclyde dies with no male heir; his 2nd cousin, Neithon, rules. Oswiu, son of Æthelfrith, is born. Aed mac Domnall dies; Mael Fithrich rules in Tir Eogan.
613	Æthelfrith kills Iago of Gwynedd and Selyf of Powys at the battle of Caerlegion. Cadfan rules in Gwynedd, and with his son, Cadwalla, force Æthelfrith to retreat. Edwin seeks a new refuge with King Cearl of Mercia.
615	Edwin marries Cwenberg d.o. Cearl and they seek asylum with the Christian King Rædwald of East Anglia. Æthelfrith demands that the East Anglians kill Edwin, but Rædwald's wife intervenes and he is spared. Mael Cobha is slain at Sliabh Toadh; his brother Domnall rules in Tir Conal.
616	Æthelfrith marches south to punish Rædwald, but he is defeated at the battle of River Idle. Edwin claims the throne of Northumbria. The æthelings (Æthelfrith’s children) seek refuge in Dál Riada and Pictland.
617	Edwin invades and annexes Elmet (including The Peak) and kills Ceretic after Prince Heretic is poisoned. King Rædwald of East Anglia dies.
620	King Neithon of Strathclyde dies and his son, Beli, takes the throne.
621	King Nechtan II of Pictland dies and is followed by Clinoch maqq Lutrin.
622	Prince Domnall Brecc intervenes in the wars between the Ui Neills. He leads a force (including the æthelings) in support of Conall and wins the battle of Cenn Delgthen in Mide (Meath). Prince Conaing mac Aedan is drowned at sea on the way.
623	Fiachna Lurgan of Dál nAraide leads a raid on Bebbanburg. Edwin converts to the Faith but relapses.
624	Edwin divorces Cwenberg and her brother, Penda of Mercia, vows revenge.
625	Cadfan of Gwynedd dies and his son, Cadwalla, rules. Edwin marries Æthelbergh of Kent. Solar eclipse in June.
626	Fiachna mac Deman kills Fiachna Lurgan at the battle of Leithet Midind; Congal Caech rules in Dál nAraide. There is an attempt on Edwin’s life; Eanflaed is born.
627	To avenge Fiachna Lurgan, Prince Connad Cerr and the æthelings kill Fiachna mac Deman at Ard Corann; Dunchad rules Dál Fiatach. Edwin finds the Faith again.
628	Connad Cerr remains on active service in Ulster with Oswald and Oswiu.
629	Eocho Bude dies and is briefly succeeded by his 2nd cousin, Connad Cerr mac Conall. However, Connad and many Bernician exiles are killed at the battle of Fid Eoin supporting Congal Caech against his rival, Mael Caech.
629	Domnall Brecc, son of Eocho Bude, takes the throne of Dál Riada. Edwin of Northumbria invades Gwynedd and besieges Cadwalla at Ynys Seiriol. Cadwalla escapes to Ireland.
630	King Rhun of Rheged dies, and his son, Royth, rules a weakened state dominated by Edwin of Northumbria. Mael Fithrich is slain by Emaine mac Fiachna; his son, Mael Duin, rules in Tir Eogan.
631	Maithgemma, d.o. Aedan and mother of Molaise, dies.
632	Cadwalla of Gwynedd allies with Penda of Mercia. They counter-invade against Edwin and ravage Deira.
633	Cadwalla kills Edwin at the battle of Hæthfelth (Hatfield Chase). Osric, Edwin’s 1st cousin, besieges Cadwalla at Caer Eborac, but is killed.
633	Eanfrith returns from Pictland to claim the throne of Northumbria. King Beli of Strathclyde dies and his son, Owen, rules. Cadwalla ravages Northumbria.
634	Eanfrith attempts a conference with Cadwalla, but is murdered.
635	Oswald leads a Dalriadan army to Hadrian’s Wall and kills Cadwalla at the battle of Hefenfelth – the crown of Northumbria is returned to the House of Æthelfrith. Cadafael Cadomedd usurps the throne of Gwynedd.
636	Aldfrith, son of Prince Oswiu and Fina d.o. Colman Rimid, is born in Ulster.
637	King Oswald supports Domnall Brecc in Ulster, but they are defeated supporting Tir Eoghan at the battle of Mag Rath. Conal Cael wins at Saeltire. Congal Caech is killed. Scandal mac Becce rules in Dál nAraide. Dalriadan power in Ulster ends.
638	Prince Oswiu marries Princess Rheinmellt of Rheged. Oswiu overruns Gododdin and besieges Din Eityn for Oswald.
639	Alhfrith is born to Prince Oswiu and Rheinmellt in Caer Lugus, Rheged.
640	King Royth of Rheged dies. Oswiu becomes Prince of Rheged through his wife and the province is annexed by Northumbria. After 190 years, Rheged is no more.
641	Oswiu’s daughter, Ealflaed, is born in Caer Lugus, but Rheinmellt dies in childbirth. Cynan of Gododdin dies and his province is occupied and annexed by Oswiu.
642	King Oswald is killed by Penda of Mercia and Cadafael of Gwynedd at the battle of Maserfelth. Oswiu returns to Bamburgh as King of Northumbria.
642	Domnall mac Aed dies of mortal illness; his sons Conal Cael and Cellach jointly rule in Tir Conal. Owen mac Beli of Strathclyde kills Domnall Brecc at the battle of Strathcarron. Duncan mac Conaing rules in Dál Riada.